Class 12th English (100 Marks ) Chapter - 5 “ Ideas that have Helped Manking” Summary , objective and Subjective By Raj singh classes
⇒ PROSE 5 - IDEAS THAT HAVE HELPED MANKIND
The Author : Bertrand Arthur William Russell ( 1872-1970), a British Philosopher, Historian Mathematician Advocate for social reform, pacifist and well as a commentator on large variety of topics,such as on Sex. Marriage, Christ, Marge, Buddha and a host of other topics are pithy and full of candour. Russell was awarded as Nobel prize in 1950 in literature in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought.
As one of the word's best known intellectuals. Russell's voice carried great moral authority. His writings emphasis reason, intelligence, human happiness, peace and liberty. His major works include a history of western philosophy, Human knowledge. Its scope and limits, Authority and the Individual. Has man a fact and fiction, my philosophical development , conquest of Happiness, marriage and morals, Roads to freedom , In praise of Idleness, why I am not a christian.
(बर्ट्रेंड आर्थर विलियम रसेल (( 1872-1970), एक ब्रिटिश दार्शनिक, इतिहासकार गणितज्ञ, सामाजिक सुधार के वकील, शांतिवादी और साथ ही सेक्स जैसे विभिन्न विषयों पर एक टिप्पणीकार के रूप में। विवाह, क्राइस्ट, मार्ज, बुद्ध और कई अन्य विषय गूढ़ और स्पष्टवादी हैं। रसेल को 1950 में साहित्य में उनके विविध और महत्वपूर्ण लेखन की मान्यता में नोबेल पुरस्कार के रूप में सम्मानित किया गया था जिसमें उन्होंने मानवीय आदर्शों और विचार की स्वतंत्रता का समर्थन किया था।
शब्द के सबसे प्रसिद्ध बुद्धिजीवियों में से एक के रूप में। रसेल की आवाज में महान नैतिक अधिकार थे। उनके लेखन में तर्क, बुद्धि, मानव सुख, शांति और स्वतंत्रता पर जोर दिया गया है। उनके प्रमुख कार्यों में पश्चिमी दर्शन का इतिहास, मानव ज्ञान शामिल है। इसका दायरा और सीमाएं, प्राधिकरण और व्यक्ति। क्या मनुष्य एक तथ्य और कल्पना है, मेरा दार्शनिक विकास, सुख की विजय, विवाह और नैतिकता, स्वतंत्रता की राह, आलस्य की प्रशंसा में, मैं ईसाई क्यों नहीं हूं।)
Summary : The ideas that have helped mankind are those that contribute to knowledge, and technique, and those that are concerned with moral and political. I will treat first - those that have to do with knowledge and technique. The most important and difficult steps were taken before the down of history. At what stage language began is not known, but we may be pretty certain the it began very gradually. Without it, it would have been very difficult to hard on from generation to generation the inventions and discoveries that were gradually made.
Another great step, which may have either before or after the beginning of language, was that utilization of fire. I suppose that at first was chiefly used to keep away wild beats while our ancestors slept, but the warmth must have been found agreeable Presumably on same occasion a child got scolded for throwing the meat into the fire, but when it was taken out it was found to be much better, and so the long history of cookery began.
(जिन विचारों ने मानव जाति की मदद की है वे वे हैं जो ज्ञान और तकनीक में योगदान करते हैं, और वे जो नैतिक और राजनीतिक से संबंधित हैं। मैं पहले उनका इलाज करूंगा - जिनका ज्ञान और तकनीक से लेना-देना है। इतिहास के पतन से पहले सबसे महत्वपूर्ण और कठिन कदम उठाए गए थे। भाषा की शुरुआत किस स्तर पर हुई यह ज्ञात नहीं है, लेकिन हमें पूरा यकीन है कि यह बहुत धीरे-धीरे शुरू हुई। इसके बिना, धीरे-धीरे किए गए आविष्कारों और खोजों को पीढ़ी-दर-पीढ़ी कठिन बनाना बहुत मुश्किल होता।
एक और महान कदम, जो भाषा की शुरुआत से पहले या बाद में हो सकता है, वह आग का उपयोग था। मुझे लगता है कि पहले मुख्य रूप से जंगली धड़कनों को दूर रखने के लिए इस्तेमाल किया जाता था, जबकि हमारे पूर्वज सोते थे, लेकिन गर्मी को स्वीकार्य पाया गया होगा शायद उसी अवसर पर एक बच्चे को मांस को आग में फेंकने के लिए डांटा गया था, लेकिन जब इसे बाहर निकाला गया तो यह था बहुत बेहतर पाया गया, और इसलिए खाना पकाने का लंबा इतिहास शुरू हुआ। )
⇒Ideas That Have Helped Mankind (Objective Question )
1. We are able to get variety of enjoyment due to-
(A) our intelligence
(B) our riches
(C) our physical strength
(D) None of these
2. We are more friendly-
(A) within the herd
(B) outside the herd
(C) everywhere
(D) nowhere
3. After language the second most important thing which helped mankind was-
(A) gold
(B) silver
(C) fire
(D) None of these
4. The taming of domestic animals made life-
(A) pleasanter
(B) fearful
(C) harmful
(D) None of these
5. ‘Ideas That Have Helped Mankind’ has been written by-
(A) G. Greer
(B) D.L. Sayers
(C) H.E. Bates
(D) Bertrand Russell
6. Bertrand Russell died in-
(A) 1940
(B) 1950
(C) 1960
(D) 1970
7. Russell was awarded Nobel Prize for-
(A) philosophy
(B) literature
(C) medicine
(D) economics
8.The most indubitable respect in which ideas have helped mankind is-
(A) more knowledge
(B) numbers
(C) happiness
(D)less numbers
9. Survival for homosapiens primarily was-
(A) a problem
(B) never a problem
(C) both of them
(D) None of these
10. Birds die of hunger in large numbers-
(A) during summer
(B) during rainy season
(C) during winter
(D) None of these
11. During summer birds-
(A) remember this catastrophe
(B) forget this catastrophe
(C) fear from this
(D) None of these
12. Every humaan death loy starvation is preceded by a long period of
(A) sorrow
(B) anxiety
(C) happiness
(D) None of these
13. Human beings suffer more due to their-
(A) ignorance
(B) intelligence
(C) reluctance
(D) None of these
14. Animals get pleasure from –
(A) MUSIC.
(B) football
(C) science
(D) None of these
15. Bertrand Russell has written the lesson-
(A) The Artist
(B) Ideas That Have Helped Mankind .
(C) I Have a Dream
(D) A Pinch of Snuff
16. Bertrand Russell was a philosopher and a –
(A) historian
(B) scientist
(C) mathematician
(D) geologist
17. The invention of ovewowee bv. was more important than domestication of animals.
(A) car
(B) fire
(C) agriculture
(D) None of these
18. Civilization taught us –
(A) to be unlawful
(B) to be rude or cruel
(C) to be more friendly towards others
(D) None of these
19………….. was also a commentator on a large variety of topics.
(A) Martin Luther King, Jr.
(B) Bertrant Russell
(C) Mahatma Gandhi
(D) Dr. Zakir Hussain
20. In ……., the last step was never taken.
(A) India
(B) Germany
(C) China
(D) France
21………. Would not help the corn to grow unless he was allowed to feast on the blood of children.
(A) Toloch
(B) Moloch
(C) Noloch
(D) None of these
⇒Ideas That Have Helped Mankind (Subjective Question)
B . 1. Read the following sentences and write "T" for true and "F" for false statements :
(a) Ideas help Mankind.
(b) Survival was never a problem for homo sapiens .
(c) Long infancy was a biological advantage to mankind .
(d) Man's earliest technical skill was devoted to increasing their population.
(e) Congenital skills play a more important role than the acquired skills.
(f) Unlike birds, human beings can foresee a catastrophe .
(g) Forethought can avert physical danger.
(h) The intelligent qualities account for the glory of man.
(i) In a secure future there are niter worries nor lack of jy.
(j) Utilization of fire was a milestone in human progress.
(k) Fire was used only for cooking .
(l) Domestication of animals had nothing to do with religion.
(m) Our earliest form of writing was pictorial.
(n) Invention of agriculture was less important than domestication of animals.
(o) IN course of time we time we have progressed.
Ans - (a) T (b) F ( c) T (d) F (e) T (f) F (g) T (h) T (i) T (j) T (k) F (l) F (m) T (n) F (o) T
B .2. 2 Answer the following questions briefly ?
Q1. Has civilization taught us to be more-friendly towards one another ?
Ans - Yes civilization has taught us to be more friendly towards one another. Robins peck and elderly robin to death,whereas men give an elderly man an old - age pension.
Q2. Has civilization taught us to be more-friendly towards one another ?
Ans- Out attitude towards those outside our herd, in spite of all that has been done by moralists and religious teachers , our emotions are as ferocious as those of any animal, and our intelligence enables us to gives them a scope which is denied to even the most savage beast.
Q3. What are the two broad categories of ideas that have helped mankind ?
Ans - Two broad categories of ideas that have helped mankind are those that contribute to knowledge and technique, and those that are concerned with moral and politics.
Q4. What are the two broad categories of ideas that have helped mankind ?
Ans - Yes, language played a role in human development. At what stage language began is not known, but we may be pretty certain that it began very gradually , without in ti would have been very difficult to hand on from generation to generation the inventions and discoveries that were gradually made.
Q5. How many languages do you know apart from your mother longue ? Has it helped you in any way ?
Ans - We know different languages apart form our mother language such as English, Sanskrit, Urdu etc. Yes . It has helped us in many ways such as to contact another person which does not know our mother tongue then we use English . English is widely spoken all over the world.
C.1 Long Answer Type Question
Q1. Discuss the ideas that have helped mankind.
Ans - See summary.
Q2. How are human being different from animals ? Explain .
Ans - Human beings are different from animals in such a manner that there are twenty one as his intellectual and moral qualities that separate the human beings from animals . It is obvious that we know more than animals do, and it is common to considered his one of our advantages. Animals can not think like human beings, because of that human beings have extra -ordinary thinking power. It has highly sensitive power . The human beings are one of the most developed and advanced creature of this world. So human beings are different from animals.
Q3. How has the civilization helped us ? Discuss.
Ans - The civilization has helped us in such way that in ancient time we were just like animals. We hadn't the knowledge of way of life. We were not more advanced like today. The civilization has taught us to be more friendly towards one another. The civilization has made us developed. Within the herd we are more friendly to each other than are many species of animals, but in our attitude towards those outside the herd, in spite of all that has been done by moralists and religious teachers , our emotions are as ferocious as those of any animal , and our intelligence enables us to give them a scope which is denied to even the most savage - beast.
Q3. Is it important for us to be civilized ? Give examples of the civilized behavior that you practices in your everyday life.
Ans - Yes ,it is important for us to be civilized. Civilization is defined as the way of life is called civilization . We wear neat and clean clothes that is civilization .Daily we great everyone and say please , thank you. This show us as a civilized person. If we war neat and clean clothes and talk with manners then we knows as a respected person and honored by all . If haven't these types of qualities we are ignored by all. So it is important for us to be civilized type of qualities we are ignored y all. so It is important for us to be civilized types of qualities we are ignored by all . So it is important for us to be civilized .
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